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MOA of Paracetamol Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a widely used non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent. Despite its widespread use, the exact mechanism of action of paracetamol is not fully understood. However, it is generally believed to work in the following ways: Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis : Paracetamol is thought to produce analgesia (pain relief) through a central inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins are produced by the body in response to injury and certain diseases. By reducing the production of prostaglandins in the brain and spinal cord, paracetamol can relieve pain. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 : Paracetamol inhibits the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are involved in the production of prostaglandins. Formation of N-arachidonoylphenolamine : In the brain and spinal cord, paracetamol can combine with arachidonic acid to form N-arachidonoylphenolamine. It’s important to note that thes...
Formulation of Injections: (i) Injectable Solution: A range of excipients are included in parenteral solution like antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, buffer, chelating agent etc. to maintain the stability. Preparation: Dissolve drug (API) & excipient in a vehicle Filter the solution through a membrane filter and pH is adjusted. Preservatives are added (e.g. Methyl/ ethyl paraben) Sterilized in autoclave at 121 degree Celsius. Aseptic filling in a suitable container.
CAPSULES Manufacture of Gelatin Explore The manufacturing process of gelatin involves several main stages: Pretreatments : This step prepares the raw materials for the main extraction step and removes impurities that may negatively affect the physicochemical properties of the final gelatin product. Hydrolysis of Collagen : Collagen, a natural protein present in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of animals, is hydrolyzed to form gelatin. This process involves boiling the connective tissues, bones, and skins of animals. Extraction : Gelatin is extracted from the hydrolysis mixture. The gelatin can be ground into a fine powder or cut into sheets for use. Freeze drying : Solution is freeze dried and gelatin is prepared. Contents of capsules HARD GELATIN CAPSULE SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE Gelatin Gelatin Water Plasticizer: Glycerine Sulfer Dioxide: Prevents Decomposition Water ...
Other Methods - Various blenders and homogenizer Principle- the homogenizers are based on the principle that the large globules in coarse emulsion are broken in to smaller globules by passing them under pressure through a narrow orifice. A coarse emulsion is prepared in a mortar which is then transferred in to hand homogenizer. The emulsion is passed through a homogenizer many a times till an emulsion of desired satisfaction is produced (a) Hand homogenizer- Hand operated. (b) Silverstone mixer homogenizer
Bottle Method Bottle method is used for the preparation of volatile and non-viscous oils. Procedure The proportion of oil :water : gum is 2:2:1. (a) measure the required quantity of the oil and transfer in to a larger bottle . (b) Add the required quantity of powdered gum acacia. (c) Shake the bottle vigorously until the oil and gum mixed thoroughly. (d) Add the calculated amount of water at once. (e) Shake the mixture vigorously to form a primary emulsion. (f) Add more of water in small portions with constant agitation to produce the required volume.
Wet gum Method Procedure (a) Calculate the quantity oil , water and gum required for preparing the primary emulsion. (b) Powder the gum acacia. (c) Add water and triturate it with gum so as to form a mucilage . (d) Add required quantity of oil in small proportion with rapid trituration until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or nearly white . (e) At this stage the emulsion is as ‘ Primary emulsion’ . (f) Add more of water in small portions to the primary emulsion with trituration to produce the required volume. (g) Stir thoroughly so as to form a uniform emulsion. (h) Transfer the emulsion to a bottle, cork, label and dispense. RATIO of WATER: OIL: GUM