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Mechanism of Action of Insulin  Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels.  Here’s how it works: Glucose Absorption: When carbohydrates are consumed, body breaks them down into glucose, a simple sugar that serves as a vital energy source.  (a) Insulin attaches to insulin receptors of the target cell. (b) Activates a cascade of signaling leading to the formation of certain protein called GLUT4 which is a glucose transporter protein,   (c) GLUT4 is then translocated to the Plasma membrane and Transport glucose into the cell. (d) Inside the cell Glucose converted to Glucose-6-phosphate which is used as a source of energy.  - In that way the glucose absorption pathway is regulated by the action of Insulin.   FIG: MOA of insulin  Picture Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-of-insulin-17_fig1_325007874
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  BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY  General microbiology is classified into main three branches which are tabulated below. By Taxonomy  •  Bacteriology:  It is the study of bacteria.  •  Immunology:  It is the study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.  •  Mycology:  It is the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.  •  Nematology:  It is the study of nematodes (roundworms).  •  Parasitology : It is the study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms, but many are. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.  •  Phycology:  It is the study of algae.  •  Protozoology:  It is the study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.  •  Virology:  It is the study of viruses.  By Type of Research  ...
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 History of microbiology----------------------- History of microbiology is divided in to three stages namely Discovery stage , Transition stage and Modern microbiology.  Discovery Stage: 1. Aristotle (384-322) described living and non-living organisms and their differentiation. 2.  Roger Bacon ( 13th Century) described that diseases are caused by living creatures. 3. Thereafter in 1546, Fracastorius described that communicable diseases were caused by living agents known as germs.  4. In 1665, the first report on cell structure was described by Robert Hooke .  5. Later, during mid of 1600’s, Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first person who used a microscope of his own design to direct observations of microbes. He discovered microorganisms in 1675 and named bacteria and protozoa as “Animalcules”. He has provided full description of bacteria. From that time he was known as one of the founders of microbiology. 6. In 1659, Kircher was report...
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