Nutrition required for Bacterial Culture Medium


Most of the microorganisms are grown in specific culture media in laboratory conditions and for proper growth nutrition plays an important role for structural and functional properties of the cells.

Nutrition are generally composed of: 

• Major macronutrients: C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Mg, Fe, Ca and Mn. 
• Major micronutrients: Zn, Co, Cu, and Mo. 
• Mineral Sources
• Carbon and energy sources. 
• Growth factors. 
• Vitamins. 

Major Macronutrients: 


• Carbon: The main source is organic compounds and CO2. It is the main component of cellular materials.

• Hydrogen: The main source is organic compounds. It is the main component of cell water. 

• Oxygen: The main source is organic compounds, CO2 and O2. It is the main constituent of cell material and cell water. It is electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. 

• Nitrogen: The main source is organic compounds, NH3, NO3, N2 etc. It is the main constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids nucleotides and coenzymes. 

• Sulfur: The main source is organic sulfur compounds. It is the main constituent of some amino acids like cysteine, methionine, glutathione and several coenzymes. 

• Phosphorus: The main source is inorganic phosphates. It is the main component of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids etc. 

• Potassium: The main source is potassium salt. It is the main component of cellular inorganic cation and cofactor for certain enzymes. 

• Magnesium: The main source is magnesium salt. It is the main component of inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymatic reactions. 

• Iron: The main source is iron salt. It is the main component of cytochromes and certain non-heme iron-proteins and a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions. 

• Calcium: The main source is calcium salt. It is the main component of inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymes and a component of endospores. 

• Manganese: The main source is manganese salt. It is the main component of inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymes.


Major Micronutrients: 

They are also known as trace elements because they require very small amount. They usually act as cofactors for essential enzymatic reactions in the cell. They are cations requires for bacterial nutrition. 

Examples: Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, and Mo. 


Mineral Sources

Potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt requires in little amount for enzyme functions and it can be provided in tap water.


Carbon and energy sources

Carbon dioxide is required by all bacteria and much more important for cellular metabolism and it can be provided by atmosphere to bacteria.

Energy source depends upon the nature of bacteria---


Aerobes:- required oxygen for growth.

Anaerobes:- which can grow only in absence of oxygen.

Auto trophic bacteria:- capable to synthesize their own food. 
__ Photosynthetic--  uses sunlight as a source of energy.
__ Chemosynthetic-- without photosynthetic pigments they  use sulphur as a source of energy.

Heterotrophic bacteria:- unable to synthesize their own food.
__ Photo heterotrophic-- they obtain carbon form organic compound made by other organisms.
__ Chemo heterotrophic-- they take their food from another plants and animals. They obtain both energy and carbon source from organic compounds.


Growth factor

For growth bacteria need purine and pyrimidine.

It is much more important for formation of nucleic acid [DNA &RNA] and also for cell division.
&
Amino acids: They are required for the synthesis of proteins.


Vitamins

In many cases the growth factor are identical with vitamins of beta group.

They are needed as coenzymes and functional groups of certain enzymes.

E.g. 
 
__Folic acid--  Transfer of one-carbon units and required for synthesis of thymine, purine bases, serine, methionine and pantothenate.

__Biotin-- Biosynthetic reactions that require CO2 fixation.

__ Lipoic acid-- Transfer of acyl groups in oxidation of keto acids

__ Nicotinic acid-- Electron carrier in dehydrogenation reactions

__ Pyridoxine (B6)-- Transamination, deamination, decarboxylation and racemation of amino acids

__ Riboflavin (B2)-- Oxidoreduction reactions

__ Thiamine (B1)-- Decarboxylation of keto acids and transaminase reactions

__ Vitamin B12-- Transfer of methyl groups

__ Vitamin K-- Electron transport processes

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