Renal Clearance

 


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Mechanism of Action of Insulin  Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels.  Here’s how it works: Glucose Absorption: When carbohydrates are consumed, body breaks them down into glucose, a simple sugar that serves as a vital energy source.  (a) Insulin attaches to insulin receptors of the target cell. (b) Activates a cascade of signaling leading to the formation of certain protein called GLUT4 which is a glucose transporter protein,   (c) GLUT4 is then translocated to the Plasma membrane and Transport glucose into the cell. (d) Inside the cell Glucose converted to Glucose-6-phosphate which is used as a source of energy.  - In that way the glucose absorption pathway is regulated by the action of Insulin.   FIG: MOA of insulin  Picture Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-of-insulin-17_fig1_325007874
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 MOA of alpha glucosidase inhibitors: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are a class of oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 EXAMPLE: Acarbose  MOA (a) Reduces intestinal absorption of Starch, dextrin and disaccharide by inhibiting the action of alpha-glucosidase in intestinal brush border. (b) Inhibition of the enzyme slows the absorption of carbohydrates .  (c) Alpha glucosidase helps in the conversion of Oligosaccharides to monosaccharides which further absorbed and results in rise of postprandial rise in plasma glucose .  (d) Inhibition of AG results in no conversion (or less) of Oligosaccharides to monosaccharides . (e) As a result, postprandial rise in plasma glucose is reduced.  Picture source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-of-alpha-glucosidase-inhibitors_fig2_279991207 Side Effects: GIT problems  Liver Problems  Hypoglycaemia  Allergic Reactions 
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insomnia   Insomnia is a sleep disorder that makes it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. It can cause daytime fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. There are many different causes of insomnia, including: Stress: Stress can make it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Anxiety: Anxiety can also make it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Depression: Depression can also make it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as pain, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea, can cause insomnia. Medications: Some medications, such as cold medications, can cause insomnia. Poor sleep habits: Poor sleep habits, such as going to bed and waking up at different times each day, can also cause insomnia. There are many different things you can do to treat insomnia, including: Good sleep habits: Establish a regular sleep-wake schedule and stick to it as much as possible, even on weekend...
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